How paranoid nationalism corrupts

From The Economist

People seek strength and solace in their tribe, their faith or their nation. And you can see why. If they feel empathy for their fellow citizens, they are more likely to pull together for the common good. In the 19th and 20th centuries love of country spurred people to seek their freedom from imperial capitals in distant countries. Today Ukrainians are making heroic sacrifices to defend their homeland against Russian invaders.

Unfortunately, the love of “us” has an ugly cousin: the fear and suspicion of “them”, a paranoid nationalism that works against tolerant values such as an openness to unfamiliar people and new ideas. What is more, cynical politicians have come to understand that they can exploit this sort of nationalism, by whipping up mistrust and hatred and harnessing them to benefit themselves and their cronies.

The post-war order of open trade and universal values is strained by the rivalry of America and China. Ordinary people feel threatened by forces beyond their control, from hunger and poverty to climate change and violence. Using paranoid nationalism, parasitic politicians prey on their citizens’ fears and degrade the global order, all in the pursuit of their own power.

As our Briefing describes, paranoid nationalism works by a mix of exaggeration and lies. Vladimir Putin claims that Ukraine is a nato puppet, whose Nazi cliques threaten Russia; India’s ruling party warns that Muslims are waging a “love jihad” to seduce Hindu maidens; Tunisia’s president decries a black African “plot” to replace his country’s Arab majority. Preachers of paranoid nationalism harm the targets of their rhetoric, obviously, but their real intention is to hoodwink their own followers. By inflaming nationalist fervour, self-serving leaders can more easily win power and, once in office, they can distract public attention from their abuses by calling out the supposed enemies who would otherwise keep them in check.

Daniel Ortega, the president of Nicaragua, shows how effective this can be. Since he returned to power in 2006, he has demonised the United States and branded his opponents “agents of the Yankee empire”. He controls the media and has put his family in positions of influence. After mass protests erupted in 2018 at the regime’s graft and brutality, the Ortegas called the protesters “vampires” and locked them up. On August 23rd they banned the Jesuits, a Catholic order that has worked in Nicaragua since before it was a country, on the pretext that a Jesuit university was a “centre of terrorism”.

Rabble-rousing often leads to robbery. Like the Ortegas, some nationalist leaders seek to capture the state by stuffing it with their cronies or ethnic kin. The use of this technique under Jacob Zuma, a former president of South Africa, is one reason why the national power company is too riddled with corruption to keep the lights on. Our statistical analysis suggests that governments have grown more nationalistic since 2012, and that the more nationalistic they are, the more corrupt they tend to be.

But the more important role of paranoid nationalism is as a tool to dismantle the checks and balances that underpin good governance: a free press, independent courts, ngos and a loyal opposition. Leaders do not say: “I want to purge the electoral commission so I can block my political opponents.” They say: “The commissioners are traitors!” They do not admit that they want to suppress ngos to evade scrutiny. They pass laws defining as “foreign agents” any organisation that receives foreign funds or even advice, and impose draconian controls on such bodies or simply ban them. They do not shut down the press, they own it. By one estimate, at least 50 countries have curbed civil society in recent years.

An example is the president of Tunisia, Kais Saied. Before he blamed black people for his country’s problems, he was unpopular because of his dismal handling of the economy. Now Tunisians are cheering his bold stand against a tiny, transient minority. Meanwhile Mr Saied has gutted the judiciary and closed the anti-corruption commission, and graft has grown worse.

Abuses are easier when institutions are weak: the despots of Nicaragua, Iran or Zimbabwe are far less constrained than the leaders of say, Hungary or Israel. But in all these countries (and many more), the men in power have invented or exaggerated threats to the nation as a pretext to weaken the courts, the press or the opposition. And this has either prolonged a corrupt administration or made it worse.

Paranoid nationalism is part of a backlash against good governance. The end of the cold war led to a blossoming of democracy around the world. Country after country introduced free elections and limits on executive power. Many power- and plunder-hungry politicians chafed at this. Amid the general disillusion that followed the financial crisis of 2007-09, they saw an opportunity to take back control. Paranoid nationalism gave them a tool to dismantle some of those pesky checks and balances.

Because these restraints often came with Western encouragement, if not Western funding, leaders have found it easier to depict the champions of good government as being foreign stooges. In countries that have endured colonial rule—or interference by the United States, as have many in Latin America—the message finds a ready audience. If a leader can create a climate of such deep suspicion that loyalty comes before truth, then every critic can be branded a traitor.

First resort of the scoundrel

Paranoid nationalism is not about to disappear. Leaders are learning from each other. They are also freer to act than they were even a decade ago. Not only has the West lost faith in its programme of spreading democracy and good governance, but China—a paranoid nationalist that is inclined to spot slights and threats around every corner—is promoting the idea that universal values of tolerance and good governance are a racist form of imperialism. It prefers non-interference from abroad and zero-criticism at home. If only they could see through the lies behind paranoid nationalism, ordinary people would realise how wrong China’s campaign is. There is nothing racist or disloyal about wishing for a better life. 

A level Economics: Can a Tax Evader be patriotic?

ChatGPT

Can you be patriotic if you oppose the government?

Yes, it is absolutely possible to be patriotic while opposing the government. Patriotism does not necessarily mean unquestioning loyalty to the government in power; rather, it encompasses a love and dedication to the country as a whole, including its people, culture, values, and principles. People who oppose the government may do so out of a sincere desire to improve their country or to protect its values, and this can be an expression of patriotism in itself. Here are a few points to consider:

1. Distinguishing Government from Country: Patriotism involves a deep attachment to the nation itself, which is distinct from the government that happens to be in power at any given time. Loving and caring for one's country doesn't mean agreeing with every action of the government.

2. 
   

3. Seeking Positive Change: People who oppose the government may do so because they believe that certain policies or actions are not in the best interest of the country. Their opposition can stem from a desire to see positive change and improvement.

4. 
   

5. Defending Values: Some individuals may oppose the government when they believe that its actions go against the core values and principles of the nation. In this case, their opposition can be seen as a way of upholding the true essence of the country.

1. Exercising Civic Duties: Expressing dissent and holding the government accountable are important civic responsibilities in democratic societies. Engaging in these activities can be considered a form of active citizenship and, by extension, a form of patriotism.

2. 
   

3. Contributing to National Discourse: Healthy debates and discussions about government policies contribute to a well-informed citizenry and a stronger democracy. Engaging in such discourse can be a patriotic act.

4. 
   

5. Peaceful Resistance: Opposition to the government doesn't necessarily mean engaging in harmful or disruptive activities. Peaceful resistance, civil disobedience, and nonviolent protests can all be ways of expressing opposition in a manner that aligns with patriotic ideals.

Ultimately, being patriotic while opposing the government is about caring deeply for the well-being of the country and its people. It involves a willingness to stand up for what one believes is right, even if it means challenging those in power.

--- What is Patriotism?

Patriotism is a complex and often subjective concept, and different people may have varying opinions on what constitutes being patriotic. There is no universally agreed-upon set of minimum criteria to be satisfied to be considered patriotic, but here are some common aspects that people often associate with patriotism:

1. Love for One's Country: A fundamental aspect of patriotism is having a genuine love and attachment to one's own country. This includes feeling a sense of pride in its history, culture, achievements, and values.

2. 
   

3. Respect for National Symbols and Traditions: Patriotic individuals tend to show respect for national symbols such as the flag, anthem, and other cultural traditions. This includes understanding the symbolism behind these elements and treating them with reverence.

4. 
   

5. Support for the Well-being of the Country: Patriots often strive to contribute positively to the well-being and progress of their country. This can involve participating in civic activities, volunteering, paying taxes, and obeying the law.

6. 
   

7. Promotion of Unity: Being patriotic often involves working towards unity and cohesion within the country. This means respecting diversity, promoting inclusivity, and striving to bridge differences for the greater good.

8. 
   

9. Defending National Interests: Patriots may feel a responsibility to stand up for their country's interests and sovereignty, both domestically and internationally. This could involve advocating for policies that promote the country's welfare and security.

10. 
    

11. Participation in Civic Responsibilities: Engaging in civic responsibilities, such as voting in elections, staying informed about current events, and holding leaders accountable, is often seen as a patriotic act that contributes to the betterment of the nation.

12. 
    

13. Acknowledgment of Flaws and Improvement: True patriotism involves acknowledging the challenges and flaws within one's country while actively working towards positive change and improvement. Constructive criticism can be an important aspect of this.

14. 
    

15. Defending Democratic Values: In democratic societies, patriotism can include a commitment to upholding democratic principles, such as freedom of speech, equality, and the rule of law.

It's important to note that patriotism is not a rigid concept and can take on different forms depending on cultural, historical, and individual perspectives. People can express their patriotism in various ways, and what matters most is the sincerity of their feelings and actions toward their country's well-being and prosperity.

---Is paying taxes patriotic?

Yes, paying taxes is generally considered a significant aspect of participating in civic responsibilities. Taxes are the primary source of revenue for governments, which then use these funds to provide essential public services, infrastructure, education, healthcare, defense, and various other programs that contribute to the well-being and functioning of society. When individuals and businesses pay their taxes, they are directly contributing to the financial resources necessary for their country to operate effectively.

Participating in civic responsibilities includes not only paying taxes but also being informed about government policies, participating in elections, following the law, and engaging in activities that promote the common good. While paying taxes is just one component of civic engagement, it's a crucial one because it directly impacts a government's ability to carry out its functions and serve its citizens.

---Who should have the last word in determining whether a person is a patriot?

The determination of whether a person is patriotic is not solely determined by a single individual or entity. Patriotism is a complex and subjective concept that can be influenced by cultural, historical, political, and personal perspectives. As a result, there isn't a single authority that should have the absolute last word in deciding whether someone is patriotic.

Instead, assessing someone's patriotism often involves a collective and diverse set of viewpoints, including:

1. Society at Large: Public opinion and societal norms can play a role in shaping how patriotism is perceived. The collective sentiment of a community or country can influence whether someone is seen as patriotic.

2. 
   

3. Personal Intent and Beliefs: A person's own intentions, beliefs, and actions contribute to their sense of patriotism. If someone genuinely feels love and devotion to their country and acts accordingly, their personal commitment matters.

4. 
   

5. Historical and Cultural Context: Cultural and historical factors can influence how patriotism is understood within a particular society. What is considered patriotic can vary greatly across different cultures and time periods.

6. 
   

7. Diverse Perspectives: Given the subjective nature of patriotism, a range of perspectives from various segments of society can provide a more comprehensive understanding of whether someone's actions align with patriotic ideals.

8. 
   

9. Democratic Processes: In democratic societies, discussions about patriotism often occur within the context of public discourse, where different viewpoints are expressed and debated.

10. 
    

11. Ethical and Moral Considerations: Ethical and moral principles can also shape perceptions of patriotism. For example, standing up against injustice may be seen as a patriotic act by some, even if it involves opposing the government.

12. 
    

13. Academic and Philosophical Debates: Scholars, philosophers, and thinkers may contribute to discussions about patriotism, providing deeper insights into its nature and criteria.

Given the complexity and diversity of perspectives involved, it's important to recognize that no single individual or entity should hold the exclusive authority to determine whether someone is patriotic. Instead, a combination of individual intentions, societal viewpoints, and a consideration of broader principles can contribute to a well-rounded assessment of patriotism.

--- What about ruling party members who hand out certificates of patriotism?

Individuals or groups associated with a ruling political party handing out certificates of patriotism can raise ethical concerns and lead to skepticism about the objectivity of such determinations. The concept of patriotism is subjective and complex, and it should not be reduced to a political tool or weapon to be used for partisan purposes. When members of a ruling political party take it upon themselves to label certain individuals as patriotic or unpatriotic based on their political alignment, it can undermine the genuine meaning of patriotism and contribute to polarization.

Here are some potential issues with this approach:

1. Bias and Partisanship: Political parties are inherently biased entities, and their judgments about patriotism may be influenced by their own political interests and agendas. This can result in a skewed and unbalanced assessment.

2. 
   

3. Suppressing Dissent: Labeling individuals who oppose the ruling party as unpatriotic can stifle healthy democratic debate and discourage people from expressing legitimate concerns or dissenting opinions.

4. 
   

5. Manipulation: Distributing certificates of patriotism can be a tool for manipulating public perception and suppressing opposition by creating an artificial divide between those who align with the ruling party and those who do not.

6. 
   

7. Erosion of Trust: When the concept of patriotism is politicized, it can erode public trust in both the ruling party and the institutions responsible for upholding national values.

8. 
   

9. Freedom of Expression: True patriotism includes the freedom to criticize the government and hold it accountable for its actions. Labeling dissenters as unpatriotic can infringe upon this essential democratic right.

10. 
    

11. Undermining National Unity: Patriotism is often associated with unity and a shared sense of identity. Politicizing it can fragment society along political lines, weakening the broader sense of national unity.

12. 
    

13. Patriotism as a Personal Choice: Assessing patriotism is a personal and complex matter, involving genuine feelings, beliefs, and actions. It should not be reduced to a mere certification from a political party.

In a healthy democracy, the determination of patriotism should be rooted in a diverse range of viewpoints, public discourse, and individual actions. It's important for individuals to critically assess claims of patriotism and consider the broader context in which they are made. Patriotism should not be weaponized for political gain but rather fostered through a sincere commitment to the well-being and values of the nation.

--- Assume that I am born in a poor family struggling to make ends meet, no decent education or life chances - is it fair to expect me to demonstrate the above traits?

Expecting someone who is born into challenging circumstances to have the same level of love and attachment to their country, as defined by traditional notions of patriotism, might not fully take into account their context and experiences. The concept of patriotism can be understood and expressed differently based on individual circumstances, and it's important to consider the following points:

1. Socioeconomic Context: People born into poverty or facing significant disadvantages might have more pressing concerns in their lives, such as access to basic necessities, education, and healthcare. Their immediate focus may be on survival and improving their quality of life, rather than engaging in feelings of national pride.

2. 
   

3. Limited Opportunities: Lack of access to quality education, social mobility, and life chances can restrict an individual's exposure to their country's culture, history, and achievements. This can impact their ability to develop a sense of attachment.

4. 
   

5. Cultural and Historical Factors: Different cultures and historical experiences shape how individuals relate to their country. The concept of patriotism can vary widely based on cultural norms and societal values.

6. 
   

7. Alternative Forms of Patriotism: Instead of emphasizing traditional expressions of patriotism, individuals in challenging circumstances might demonstrate their love for their country by striving to bring about positive change, advocating for social justice, and working towards improving the lives of their fellow citizens.

8. 
   

9. Diverse Expressions of Love: Love for one's country doesn't necessarily require a deep attachment to its history or cultural achievements. It can also manifest through a desire to see the country thrive, to contribute positively, and to support policies that uplift marginalized communities.

10. 
    

11. Understanding Constraints: It's important to recognize that not everyone has the same opportunities or privileges, and expectations of patriotism should be sensitive to these differences.

Ultimately, expecting someone from a disadvantaged background to have the same traditional expression of patriotism as someone from a more privileged background might not be fair. The emphasis should be on creating a more inclusive and just society where all individuals have the opportunity to contribute positively to their country in ways that are meaningful to them.

---Patriotism is the last refuge of the scoundrel

The phrase "Patriotism is the last refuge of the scoundrel" is often attributed to the 18th-century English writer Samuel Johnson. It implies that some individuals, especially those with questionable motives or actions, might exploit the concept of patriotism as a way to deflect criticism, gain public support, or manipulate emotions. While not universally true, there have been instances in history where this idea seems to hold some validity. Here are a few real-world examples:

1. Manipulative Political Leaders: Throughout history, some leaders have used appeals to patriotism to rally public support for policies that might not necessarily serve the best interests of the nation or its citizens. This could include starting wars for personal gain or distracting from domestic issues by emphasizing external threats.

2. 
   

3. Suppressing Dissent: In some cases, governments have labeled those who oppose them as unpatriotic or disloyal, especially during times of political tension or conflict. This can be a way to silence critics and discourage open discussions about government actions.

4. 
   

5. Diversion of Attention: When leaders face scandals or controversies, they may attempt to shift public attention by invoking patriotism. By framing the issue as a matter of national pride, they can divert attention from their own wrongdoings.

6. 
   

7. Exploiting Nationalism: Extreme nationalism can be exploited by scoundrels to promote exclusionary and divisive agendas. By invoking a sense of patriotism, they can manipulate public sentiment to support policies that discriminate against certain groups.

8. 
   

9. Justifying Injustice: Some governments and individuals have used appeals to patriotism to justify unjust actions, such as violating human rights, suppressing minority rights, or engaging in aggressive military actions.

10. 
    

11. Censoring Criticism: Claiming that criticizing certain actions or policies is unpatriotic can discourage open debates and discussions that are essential for a healthy democracy. This can lead to a lack of accountability for those in power.

It's important to note that the misuse of patriotism in these examples does not invalidate the genuine and positive expressions of patriotism that many individuals have. True patriotism involves a sincere commitment to the well-being of a nation, its people, and its values. However, the phrase highlights the potential for the concept of patriotism to be exploited for ulterior motives, reminding us to critically examine appeals to patriotism and consider the broader context in which they are made.

---Can a tax evader be a patriot?

The question of whether a "tax evader" can be considered a patriot depends on various factors and perspectives. Tax evasion is a legal and ethical violation where individuals or entities deliberately underreport income or manipulate financial records to avoid paying the full amount of taxes owed. While tax evasion is generally seen as illegal and unethical behavior, whether someone can still be considered a patriot despite such actions can be debated.

Here are some points to consider:

1. Complexity of Patriotism: Patriotism is a multifaceted concept that involves a love and commitment to one's country. It can be expressed through various actions that contribute to the well-being of the nation.

2. 
   

3. Context and Motivation: The context and motivation behind tax evasion matter. If someone is evading taxes due to financial hardship, lack of understanding, or a genuine inability to pay, it might be a different situation compared to intentional tax evasion for personal gain.

4. 
   

5. Full Picture: Determining whether someone is a patriot involves considering their overall contributions to the country, their engagement in civic responsibilities, and their respect for national values and symbols.

6. 
   

7. Legal and Ethical Aspects: Tax evasion is generally considered illegal and can harm a country's financial stability by reducing funds for public services. Engaging in illegal activities might be at odds with the spirit of patriotism.

8. 
   

9. Public Perception: Public perception plays a role in how someone is seen in the context of patriotism. Individuals who engage in tax evasion might face public scrutiny and be seen as not fulfilling their responsibilities to the country.

Ultimately, whether a tax evader can still be considered a patriot depends on how one defines and weighs different aspects of patriotism, as well as the individual's intentions, circumstances, and actions. Engaging in tax evasion does raise ethical and legal concerns, which can impact perceptions of an individual's commitment to their country.

---You mentioned public perception - doesn't that mean someone is handing out patriotism certificates?

You raise an important point about public perception and the potential for individuals or groups to act as if they are "handing out patriotism certificates." While there isn't an official certification for patriotism, public perception and societal norms can play a significant role in how people view each other's actions and behaviors in relation to patriotism.

Public perception is shaped by a variety of factors, including media coverage, cultural values, social interactions, and the prevailing political climate. However, it's crucial to recognize that public perception isn't the same as a formal declaration or recognition of patriotism. It's more about how individuals and groups perceive and interpret the actions of others based on their own understanding of patriotism.

Here are a few important considerations:

1. Subjectivity: Public perception of patriotism can be highly subjective and influenced by personal beliefs, biases, and perspectives.

2. 
   

3. Misuse and Manipulation: As mentioned earlier, the concept of patriotism can be misused or manipulated by individuals or groups for various purposes, including political agendas or personal gain.

4. 
   

5. Open Dialogue: Engaging in open dialogue and discussions about what constitutes patriotism can help navigate differing viewpoints and avoid the imposition of arbitrary labels.

6. 
   

7. Complexity of Patriotism: Patriotism is complex and multifaceted, and it's important to avoid reducing it to a single set of actions or behaviors.

8. 
   

9. Individual Autonomy: Ultimately, whether someone is seen as patriotic or not depends on the collective perceptions of those around them. However, individuals have the autonomy to express their love for their country in ways that are meaningful to them.

While public perception does play a role in how we understand each other's expressions of patriotism, it's important to approach the topic with a degree of empathy, open-mindedness, and an understanding of the nuances and diversity of perspectives that exist within a society.

---How important is it to be seen as patriotic?

Being seen as patriotic can hold varying levels of importance depending on individual values, cultural context, and societal norms. Patriotism is a personal sentiment, and its significance can differ from person to person. While some individuals prioritize expressing their love and commitment to their country, others may focus more on obeying laws and contributing positively to society without necessarily emphasizing overt displays of patriotism.

Here are a few perspectives to consider:

1. Personal Values: For some individuals, being seen as patriotic is deeply meaningful. They might feel a strong emotional connection to their country's history, culture, and values and want to actively demonstrate their loyalty and love for their nation.

2. 
   

3. Cultural and Social Factors: In certain societies, public displays of patriotism might be more emphasized due to cultural traditions, historical narratives, or political climates. In such cases, being seen as patriotic could be more significant within the societal context.

4. 
   

5. Actions vs. Symbols: While outward displays of patriotism, such as flag-waving or participation in national events, can be important for some, others may believe that actions that contribute to the well-being of the country, like obeying laws and engaging in civic responsibilities, are more meaningful indicators of patriotism.

6. 
   

7. Individual Autonomy: Some people may choose to express their patriotism privately or in ways that are meaningful to them, rather than seeking recognition or validation from others. Their focus might be on genuine commitment rather than visibility.

8. 
   

9. Importance of Unity: In times of national crises or challenges, a shared sense of patriotism can contribute to a sense of unity and resilience among citizens. Being seen as patriotic can play a role in fostering a collective spirit during such times.

10. 
    

11. Criticizing vs. Supporting: In democratic societies, being critical of certain government actions or policies can also be a form of patriotism, as it reflects a commitment to improving the nation and holding leaders accountable.

Ultimately, while being seen as patriotic can have its benefits in terms of fostering national unity and contributing to a shared identity, it's not the only way to contribute positively to one's country. Obeying the laws of the land, engaging in civic duties, promoting social harmony, and working towards a better future are all meaningful ways to contribute to the well-being of a nation, regardless of whether they are perceived as overtly patriotic actions.